Does the expansion of UN peacekeeping into domestic conflicts signify a shift from collective security to collective humanitarianism? Discuss with reference to Boutros-Ghali’s Agenda for Peace (1992). Compare the UN’s approach to domestic conflicts in Africa (e.g., Rwanda, Congo) with that in Europe (e.g., Bosnia, Kosovo).

The Transformation from Collective Security to Collective Humanitarianism: The Expansion of UN Peacekeeping into Domestic Conflicts The post-Cold War era witnessed a paradigmatic reconfiguration in the nature, purpose, and operational scope of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping. With the end of bipolar confrontation, the UN’s engagement increasingly shifted from interstate conflicts—the archetypal domain of collective security—to … Continue reading Does the expansion of UN peacekeeping into domestic conflicts signify a shift from collective security to collective humanitarianism? Discuss with reference to Boutros-Ghali’s Agenda for Peace (1992). Compare the UN’s approach to domestic conflicts in Africa (e.g., Rwanda, Congo) with that in Europe (e.g., Bosnia, Kosovo).

Compare the U.S. role in the OAS with its role in other regional organizations such as NATO and APEC in terms of agenda-setting and power projection. Comment on the assertion that the OAS has been “Washington’s diplomatic arm” in Latin America rather than an independent multilateral platform.

U.S. Role in the OAS, NATO, and APEC: Agenda-Setting, Power Projection, and the Question of Multilateral Autonomy Introduction The United States’ participation in regional organizations has long been a cornerstone of its foreign policy architecture. Institutions like the Organization of American States (OAS), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) serve as … Continue reading Compare the U.S. role in the OAS with its role in other regional organizations such as NATO and APEC in terms of agenda-setting and power projection. Comment on the assertion that the OAS has been “Washington’s diplomatic arm” in Latin America rather than an independent multilateral platform.

How has India’s participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations reflected its foreign policy priorities, normative commitments to internationalism, and the challenges of balancing national interest with global responsibility?

India’s Engagement with United Nations Peacekeeping: Between Foreign Policy Priorities, Internationalist Commitments, and Strategic Constraints India’s longstanding participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKOs) is widely regarded as one of the most visible markers of its engagement with multilateralism and its contribution to global security. Since the 1950s, Indian troops have been consistently deployed in … Continue reading How has India’s participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations reflected its foreign policy priorities, normative commitments to internationalism, and the challenges of balancing national interest with global responsibility?

To what extent can a robust and institutionalized system of collective security serve as a reliable mechanism for ensuring global peace and stability?

A Critical Evaluation of Collective Security as a Mechanism for Global Peace and Stability Introduction The concept of collective security, broadly defined as a system in which states agree to jointly respond to threats against peace and to refrain from aggression against one another, has been a foundational ideal of international relations in the post-Westphalian … Continue reading To what extent can a robust and institutionalized system of collective security serve as a reliable mechanism for ensuring global peace and stability?

Critically assess the evolving institutional character of the United Nations, with particular reference to its expanding developmental and humanitarian functions vis-à-vis its foundational role as a security-oriented body.

Critically Assessing the Evolving Institutional Character of the United Nations: Expanding Developmental and Humanitarian Functions vis-à-vis Its Foundational Security Role Introduction Established in 1945 in the aftermath of World War II, the United Nations (UN) was envisioned primarily as a collective security mechanism, with the central objective of preserving international peace and preventing another global … Continue reading Critically assess the evolving institutional character of the United Nations, with particular reference to its expanding developmental and humanitarian functions vis-à-vis its foundational role as a security-oriented body.

To what extent do the institutional frameworks of Collective Security and Collective Defence—such as the United Nations Security Council and military alliances like NATO—serve not merely as instruments for maintaining global peace and order, but also as mechanisms for entrenching the strategic interests and hegemonic dominance of major powers within the international system?

Collective Security and Collective Defence: Mechanisms of Peace or Instruments of Power? The foundational ideals of collective security and collective defence occupy a central position in the architecture of international peace and security. While the former is premised on the universal responsibility of states to deter aggression through institutions like the United Nations Security Council … Continue reading To what extent do the institutional frameworks of Collective Security and Collective Defence—such as the United Nations Security Council and military alliances like NATO—serve not merely as instruments for maintaining global peace and order, but also as mechanisms for entrenching the strategic interests and hegemonic dominance of major powers within the international system?