Economic Liberalisation in India: Regulatory State, Retreating State, or Hybrid Transformation? Introduction India’s 1991 economic liberalisation marks a pivotal inflection in the polity–economy relationship. The orthodox narrative celebrates it as a structural shift from a dirigiste, inward-looking regime to a more open, market-oriented growth strategy. Yet the political-institutional consequences for state autonomy and capacity remain … Continue reading Critically evaluate whether India’s economic liberalisation has enhanced or diminished the autonomous capacity of the state to regulate capital, deliver welfare, and mitigate inequalities. Has liberalisation produced a regulatory state or merely a retreating state?