Mahatma Gandhi’s Critique of Modernization: A Normative Challenge to Industrial Progress and a Vision for Postcolonial Reconstruction Introduction Mahatma Gandhi's reflections on modernization present one of the most profound critiques of the Western model of industrial progress and material development in modern political thought. His seminal work Hind Swaraj (1909) articulates a normative challenge to … Continue reading How does Mahatma Gandhi’s critique of modernization challenge the dominant narratives of industrial progress and material development, and what alternative moral, political, and economic vision does it offer for postcolonial societies?