The emergence of new social movements (NSMs) in developing countries marks a significant shift in the landscape of political mobilization and collective action. Unlike traditional movements that were largely class-based and centered around labor rights and economic redistribution, NSMs are more diverse in composition and broader in their thematic focus. They articulate demands around identity, … Continue reading Examine the emergence and characteristics of new social movements in developing countries, focusing on how they differ from traditional class-based mobilizations. Analyze their roots in issues such as environmental justice, gender equality, indigenous rights, urban housing, and access to basic services. Discuss their modes of organization, reliance on identity and participatory politics, and their impact on state policy, democratic deepening, and civil society empowerment.