Tribalism, Identity, and Political Integration: Competing Theories and Comparative Contexts across Africa, the Middle East, and India I. Introduction: The Paradox of Tribalism and Modern Political Order The persistence of tribalism in postcolonial Africa presents one of the most enduring puzzles in political science and comparative sociology. As a mode of identity-based solidarity and political … Continue reading Critically discuss the competing explanations of tribalism through instrumentalist, constructivist, and primordialist perspectives. Which offers the most convincing analysis of African realities? How does tribalism in Africa compare to sectarianism in the Middle East or caste politics in India in terms of its impact on political integration?