What structural, ideological, and geopolitical factors contributed to the origins of the Afghan Civil War, and in what ways did the interventions of the Soviet Union and the United States shape its trajectory and broader implications for regional and global politics?

The Origins and International Dimensions of the Afghan Civil War: Structural, Ideological, and Geopolitical Determinants The Afghan Civil War, which erupted in the late 1970s and persisted through the subsequent decades, represents one of the most consequential conflicts of the Cold War and post-Cold War periods. It was shaped by a complex interplay of structural … Continue reading What structural, ideological, and geopolitical factors contributed to the origins of the Afghan Civil War, and in what ways did the interventions of the Soviet Union and the United States shape its trajectory and broader implications for regional and global politics?

Evaluate India’s role and contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations across various conflict zones and their implications for its global diplomatic standing.

India’s Role in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Contributions, Strategic Motivations, and Diplomatic Implications Introduction India has been a stalwart contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKOs) since their inception, playing a pivotal role in both the evolution and sustenance of UN-led global peace and security missions. With over 275,000 troops deployed cumulatively and consistent participation … Continue reading Evaluate India’s role and contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations across various conflict zones and their implications for its global diplomatic standing.

Reframing the Future of Nuclear Deterrence: Strategic Stability, Preventive War, and Normative Constraints in the 21st Century Since its conceptualization during the Cold War, nuclear deterrence has served as the principal doctrine for managing strategic stability in a world of nuclear-armed states. Its core logic—preventing aggression through the threat of unacceptable retaliation—underpinned the bipolar order … Continue reading How should the future of nuclear deterrence be theorized in light of evolving global security dynamics, proliferation concerns, and technological advancements? Can the doctrine of preventive war serve as a viable strategic alternative to nuclear deterrence, or does it undermine the normative and stabilizing function traditionally attributed to deterrence in international relations?