Introduction: Diplomacy Between Secrecy and Publicity Diplomacy has historically oscillated between two epistemic logics: secrecy as an instrument of raison d’état and openness as a normative imperative of democratic internationalism. Secret diplomacy emerged alongside the consolidation of absolutist states and balance-of-power politics in early modern Europe, where confidentiality was considered indispensable for alliance formation, war … Continue reading How do the principles of open diplomacy and secret diplomacy differ in their assumptions about transparency, accountability, and statecraft? Critically evaluate Woodrow Wilson’s advocacy of open diplomacy as articulated in the Fourteen Points.