Machiavelli’s Empiricism and the Emergence of Political Science: A Secular Break from Theological Normativity Introduction Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) occupies a foundational place in the history of political thought, not merely as a controversial figure who challenged prevailing moral orthodoxy, but more significantly as an intellectual progenitor of modern political science. His empiricist approach—grounded in observation, … Continue reading In what ways did Machiavelli’s empiricist approach to political analysis contribute to the emergence of political science as a distinct and secular discipline grounded in the study of power, statecraft, and pragmatic governance, independent of moral and theological constraints?