Transnational actors (TNAs) — encompassing multinational corporations (MNCs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), and transnational social movements (TSMs) — have emerged as critical agents shaping global politics, particularly under conditions of complex interdependence, as articulated by Keohane and Nye (1977). Unlike the state-centric, security-focused framework of classical realism, the complex interdependence perspective highlights a world of … Continue reading In what ways do transnational actors (TNAs), including multinational corporations (MNCs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), and transnational social movements (TSMs), operate within and across state borders to shape global politics under conditions of complex interdependence?