Examine the philosophical and political dimensions of Sri Aurobindo’s doctrine of spiritual nationalism, with particular reference to the concept of Sanatana Dharma as the foundation of the Indian nation.

Introduction Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950) occupies a distinctive place in modern Indian political thought as a philosopher, nationalist, spiritual thinker, and revolutionary who sought to reconcile nationalism with spirituality. Unlike many European theories of nationalism, which grounded the nation in common territory, language, race, or political sovereignty, Aurobindo conceived the nation as a spiritual organism whose … Continue reading Examine the philosophical and political dimensions of Sri Aurobindo’s doctrine of spiritual nationalism, with particular reference to the concept of Sanatana Dharma as the foundation of the Indian nation.

Does Tilak’s argument invert the liberal assumption that moral and social progress precede political maturity? Discuss whether his notion implies that political sovereignty is the ethical foundation for social change. To what extent can Tilak’s prioritization of political control over social transformation be compared to Marx’s emphasis on material and structural transformation as prerequisites for ideological reform?

Political Sovereignty as Ethical Primacy: Reinterpreting Tilak’s Nationalism and Its Dialectic with Marxian Materialism I. Introduction: The Question of Political and Ethical Primacy The philosophical distinction between moral progress and political maturity has long defined the normative structure of liberal political thought. Thinkers from John Stuart Mill to T.H. Green presumed that the cultivation of … Continue reading Does Tilak’s argument invert the liberal assumption that moral and social progress precede political maturity? Discuss whether his notion implies that political sovereignty is the ethical foundation for social change. To what extent can Tilak’s prioritization of political control over social transformation be compared to Marx’s emphasis on material and structural transformation as prerequisites for ideological reform?

How do realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives interpret the continuing relevance of the nation-state amidst the rise of transnationalism? Compare the trajectory of nation-state resilience in the Global North and Global South under the pressures of transnationalism.

Nation-State Resilience in an Era of Transnationalism: Realist, Liberal, and Constructivist Perspectives Introduction The nation-state has been the central organizing principle of the international system since the Peace of Westphalia (1648), shaping sovereignty, territoriality, and the legal equality of states. However, the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have witnessed the rise of transnationalism—the proliferation … Continue reading How do realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives interpret the continuing relevance of the nation-state amidst the rise of transnationalism? Compare the trajectory of nation-state resilience in the Global North and Global South under the pressures of transnationalism.

Assess whether the expansionist actions of the current Russian regime reflect ambitions for a ‘Greater Russia’ reminiscent of the Soviet era.

The Expansionist Tendencies of the Current Russian Regime and the Vision of a ‘Greater Russia’ Introduction The resurgence of Russian assertiveness on the global stage, particularly since the early 2000s, has sparked widespread debate among scholars and policymakers regarding the geopolitical ambitions of the Kremlin. Under the leadership of Vladimir Putin, Russia has pursued a … Continue reading Assess whether the expansionist actions of the current Russian regime reflect ambitions for a ‘Greater Russia’ reminiscent of the Soviet era.

The comparative method in political analysis has evolved from a search for universal models to a recognition of contextual specificities. How have approaches like historical institutionalism, constructivism, and dependency theory redefined the study of political systems across different regions? Critically discuss with examples.

The essay traces the evolution of Comparative Politics from reliance on universal models to a focus on contextual specifics. It highlights frameworks such as historical institutionalism, constructivism, and dependency theory, which emphasize historical trajectories, identity, and global economic structures, reshaping our understanding of political systems and their complexities.