Theoretical Foundations and Democratic Implications of Party Systems: Lenin, Michels, and Duverger The study of political parties as institutions of representation, mobilization, and governance has been central to modern political thought. Among the leading theorists who advanced distinct yet interrelated perspectives on political parties, Vladimir Lenin, Robert Michels, and Maurice Duverger stand out for their … Continue reading How do the perspectives of Vladimir Lenin, Robert Michels, and Maurice Duverger on political parties illuminate the theoretical foundations, organizational dynamics, and democratic implications of party systems in modern political thought?