Racialism in South Africa and the Institutionalisation of Apartheid: Ideological Foundations, Socio-Economic Structures, and Post-Apartheid Legacies Introduction Racialism in South Africa represents one of the most systematically institutionalised forms of racial hierarchy in modern political history. Its most explicit manifestation—apartheid—was formally implemented after 1948 by the National Party in the , though its ideological and … Continue reading Critically examine racialism in South Africa with particular reference to the institutionalisation of apartheid, analysing its ideological foundations, socio-economic structures, and its enduring legacy in post-apartheid state and society.