In developing countries, identity plays a pivotal role in shaping patterns of political participation, electoral behavior, and the broader structure of democratic engagement. Far from being secondary or residual, identity-based affiliations—such as caste, ethnicity, religion, gender, and regional loyalties—often constitute the primary frameworks through which citizens interpret politics, articulate grievances, and mobilize collective action. These … Continue reading Assess the role of identity in shaping political participation in developing countries, with attention to the intersections of caste, ethnicity, religion, gender, and regional affiliations.