Examining the Role of Affirmative Action in Promoting Substantive Equality and Social Inclusion: Achievements and Limits Introduction Affirmative action refers to a range of policy interventions aimed at correcting historical and structural disadvantages faced by marginalized groups through proactive measures in employment, education, political representation, and other spheres. Rather than relying solely on formal equality … Continue reading Examine the role of affirmative action in promoting substantive equality and social inclusion. To what extent has it succeeded in transforming entrenched patterns of exclusion?